On the left side NDVI greyscale map (NDVI = (B5−B4)/(B5+B4)). Dark = low NDVI (bare ground); bright = high NDVI (vegetation). On the right-side Binary vegetation mask (pale yellow = NDVI < 0.30, retained for analysis; dark green = NDVI ≥ 0.30, excluded). Less than 3% of the scene is masked Scale bar = 40 km. WGS 84 / UTM Zone 36S